馬懼猴子 Why Horses Fear the Monkey
你說馬不怕八戒,只怕行者何也?行者五百年前曾受玉帝封在大羅天御馬監養馬,官名弼馬溫,故此傳留至今,是馬皆懼猴子。你说马不怕八戒,只怕行者何也?行者五百年前曾受玉帝封在大罗天御马监养马,官名弼马温,故此传留至今,是马皆惧猴子。
逐句解 Line by line
You ask why the horse was not afraid of Bajie, and yet was afraid of Pilgrim?
A direct address to the audience, one of the storyteller’s standing devices. The narrator breaks off the action to answer a question nobody in the story has asked.
Five hundred years ago Pilgrim was appointed by the Jade Emperor to the Directorate of the Imperial Horse in the Heaven of Grand Network, to pasture the horses there, with the official title of Bimawen; and the thing has been handed down ever since, so that every horse goes in fear of monkeys.
監 in 御馬監 is the office-name reading jiàn, as in 國子監 and 欽天監, not the jiān of supervising; pypinyin defaults to the latter. 大羅天 is the highest of the Daoist heavens. 弼馬溫 is a title and a joke at once — it puns on 避馬瘟, to avert horse plague, from the folk practice of stabling a monkey to keep sickness off the horses, which is the very belief this aside is written to explain.
The aside is a fossil of oral performance. A storyteller who has just made a horse bolt at Wukong’s shout anticipates the obvious objection — Bajie was shouting too — and stops to dispose of it before going on. The 世德堂本 prints it as a paragraph of its own, and it reads as one: a complete question-and-answer that could be lifted out without disturbing the narrative on either side.
What the answer supplies is not really an explanation but a joke with a long history behind it. Wukong’s 弼馬溫 appointment in chapter four was the insult that began his rebellion, the title he could not bear to hear; here it is quietly repurposed as a piece of practical animal lore. The novel has been calling him 弼馬溫 in mockery for fifty chapters, and this is the one place where the office turns out to have been good for something.
There is also a real folk belief underneath it. Stabling a monkey to keep horses healthy is attested well before the novel, and the pun that gives Wukong his title — 弼馬溫 for 避馬瘟 — is the belief compressed into three graphs. The aside thus works in both directions: it explains the horse by the myth, and the myth by the horse.